Radio Hill Gazette

AntSDR T510 1 MHz to 6 GHz and 2 GHz Bandwidth

AntSDR T510 AI Pre-Launch

Direct RF Input Up to 2 GHz Baseband Bandwidth per Channel

Here is an ambitious software-defined radio project for SARC members who enjoy radio, software, signal processing, and hands-on experimentation. The AntSDR T510 AI combines a high-speed RF system-on-chip with an integrated NVIDIA Jetson computing module. That pairing is intended to move signal capture, digital processing, visualization, and AI-assisted analysis onto one platform.[1]

Pre-launch note: As of August 19, 2026, the official Crowd Supply page labels this project “Coming Soon.” It does not list an official price, order date, campaign date, or shipping schedule. Product details may change, so readers should check the official project page before making plans or purchases. RTL-SDR.com reported the pre-launch announcement on August 18, 2026.[1][2]

Topic Snapshot

AntSDR T510 AI topic overview
Item Details
Subject An integrated computing platform for real-time wireless sensing
Product AntSDR T510 AI
Project status Pre-launch; the official page says “Coming Soon”
Published RF coverage Direct RF input coverage from 1 MHz to 6 GHz
Published bandwidth Up to 2 GHz of baseband bandwidth per channel
Core architecture AMD Zynq UltraScale+ RFSoC ZU47DR, eight ADC channels, eight DAC channels, and an integrated NVIDIA Jetson module
Post idea from Paul Meyers – KE9EJX
Audience SARC members, visitors, new hams, the public, and operators
Key question How would you use the ANTSDR-T510?

The status and specifications in this snapshot come from the current MicroPhase project page.[1]

What Is the AntSDR T510 AI?

SDR means software-defined radio. In a conventional radio, many operating functions are fixed in hardware. An SDR moves functions such as tuning, filtering, modulation, demodulation, and spectrum display into digital processing.

The T510 AI takes that idea much further than a typical USB receiver. MicroPhase says the platform uses an AMD Zynq UltraScale+ RFSoC ZU47DR. RFSoC means radio-frequency system-on-chip. It combines high-speed RF data converters, programmable logic, and embedded processors in one device.

The RFSoC Handles Fast, Predictable Processing

The platform supports digital mixing, digital downconversion and upconversion, interpolation, decimation, buffering, and multichannel synchronization. A digital downconverter, often shortened to DDC, selects and reduces a portion of a sampled signal for further processing. A digital upconverter, or DUC, prepares a digital signal for conversion back toward RF.

The published architecture includes eight synchronized 14-bit analog-to-digital converter channels operating at up to 5 GSPS and eight synchronized 14-bit digital-to-analog converter channels operating at up to 9.85 GSPS. GSPS means billions of samples per second. The manufacturer describes this as an 8T8R architecture: eight transmit converter channels and eight receive converter channels.[1]

Those numbers describe converter resources. They do not, by themselves, confirm eight independent full-duplex radios, maximum usable sensitivity, transmitter power, or the amount of data that can be recorded from every channel at once.

The Jetson Handles Parallel Computing

The integrated NVIDIA Jetson module is intended for graphics-processing-unit, or GPU, workloads. That may include spectrum analysis, matrix calculations, feature extraction, and AI inference. Inference means applying a trained model to new data.

The official specifications identify an NVIDIA Jetson module, while the power-consumption note refers generally to “Jetson NX @15W” without giving an exact model number. RTL-SDR’s report alternates between Jetson Orin Nano and Jetson Orin NX. Therefore, neither model should be treated as confirmed until MicroPhase publishes the final configuration.[1][2]

Understanding the Headline Specifications

What the published specifications mean in practical terms
Published item Plain-language meaning Important limit or question
1 MHz to 6 GHz The official page states direct RF input coverage across this range. This is not permission to transmit everywhere in the range. The page does not separately publish complete transmitter coverage or output specifications.
Up to 2 GHz per channel This is the stated maximum baseband bandwidth available in the digital front end. It does not confirm that all eight channels can simultaneously stream or record 2 GHz each to the Jetson, a host computer, or storage.
8T8R The design includes eight ADC and eight DAC channels with synchronization. Port routing, full-duplex behavior, isolation, calibration accuracy, and phase-coherence limits still need confirmation.
Clocking and timing The page lists external, onboard oven-controlled or temperature-compensated crystal oscillator options (OCXO or TCXO), and GPS clock options, plus PPS triggering and multi-board synchronization. The required accessories and achievable timing accuracy are not stated.
High-speed connections The RFSoC side lists a 100 G QSFP28 high-speed optical interface. The platform also lists Gigabit Ethernet and USB, plus Jetson-side USB, HDMI, Ethernet, and M.2 SSD expansion. The official page does not publish an end-to-end sustained streaming or recording rate for any simultaneous-channel configuration.
Software The official page advertises Ubuntu 22.04 with NVIDIA’s GPU development platform, CUDA, plus WaveSight, GNU Radio, SoapySDR, an IQTAXI driver framework, and Python or C++ development. Drivers, examples, documentation, and open-source resources are still developing during the pre-launch period.

These published specifications are summarized from the official MicroPhase project page.[1]

MicroPhase says WaveSight is intended to visualize, monitor, record, and replay as many as eight synchronized RF channels. The same page advertises GNU Radio and SoapySDR compatibility and a SignalLab AI demonstration for classifying Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and modulation types.[1]

MicroPhase says additional hardware references, firmware sources, high-speed transfer examples, bare-metal demonstrations, and Jetson workflows are planned. The public GitHub repository already contains image-building resources, but its README says detailed documentation will be added later. That is a useful reminder to treat the software environment as evolving.[1][3]

How It Works

The following diagram is a simplified educational view. A real station may also need band-specific filters, attenuators, amplifiers, switches, input protection, calibration, test equipment, and suitable antennas.

---
config:
  markdownAutoWrap: true
  flowchart:
    wrappingWidth: 220
    useMaxWidth: true
    nodeSpacing: 40
    rankSpacing: 50
---
flowchart TD
    A["`Choose a receive-only
or licensed experiment`"]

    B{"`Choose a
project path`"}

    C["`Connect an antenna or lab source
through suitable input protection`"]

    D["`ADC and RFSoC:
sample, synchronize, filter,
and channelize`"]

    E["`Jetson or host:
display, classify, or record`"]

    F["`Generate a test waveform
under operator control`"]

    G["`RFSoC and DAC:
process and convert`"]

    H["`Use a dummy load or shielded
test setup first`"]

    I["`Measure emissions and add
proper filtering before
connecting an antenna`"]

    A --> B

    B -->|"Receive"| C
    C --> D
    D --> E

    B -->|"Transmit"| F
    F --> G
    G --> H
    H --> I

What Could SARC Members Explore?

The ideas below are possible learning projects based on the published architecture. They are not promises about final product performance.

Build a Receive-Only Spectrum Demonstration

Start with one receive channel and a narrow, known portion of an amateur band. Use GNU Radio or WaveSight to show a waterfall, select a signal, change the sample rate, and demonstrate decimation. This gives newer hams a clear view of how bandwidth and digital filtering work.

Compare Antennas with Synchronized Channels

Two or more synchronized inputs could support experiments that compare antennas, polarization, phase, or arrival time using a known club signal or amateur beacon. Accurate direction-finding or phased-array work would require careful channel calibration, matched RF paths, and a well-designed antenna array.

Study FPGA, CPU, and GPU Workloads

If the released firmware and development files expose the required processing paths, a club team could compare how a fast Fourier transform, filter, or channelizer is implemented with embedded processing, FPGA logic, and the Jetson GPU. This would show why some work belongs in deterministic FPGA logic while other work fits a CPU or GPU. A fast Fourier transform, or FFT, converts sampled data into a frequency display.

Evaluate Signal Classification

Members interested in AI could train or test a classifier using SARC’s own labeled recordings, generated test signals, or known amateur modes. Keep a human in the loop. Compare the model’s result with a normal spectrum display and documented measurements. Classification is not the same as guaranteed identification, decoding, or understanding.

Experiment with Timing and Multiple Channels

The published clock and pulse-per-second features suggest projects involving synchronized measurements. PPS is a precise timing pulse often supplied by a GPS-disciplined source. A project could compare timestamps or phase across channels while documenting the limits of the setup.

A Practical Way to Start

  1. Write one clear question. For example: “Can two synchronized receivers measure the phase difference from a known 2-meter beacon?”
  2. Choose the smallest useful bandwidth. A voice, digital-mode, or beacon experiment does not need a 2 GHz data stream.
  3. Begin receive-only. Use a known signal and learn the software before adding a transmit path.
  4. Plan the RF front end. Select an antenna, band-pass filter, attenuator, input protection, and low-noise amplifier only when the experiment requires them.
  5. Plan the data path. Estimate channel count, sample format, rate, storage, and recording time before collecting data.
  6. Record the configuration. Note firmware, software, clock source, gain, frequency, sample rate, filter settings, cables, and antennas so another member can repeat the test.

What to Verify Before Ordering

Because the project is still in pre-launch, a careful buyer should confirm the following items on the official page:

  • Final campaign price, included hardware, ordering terms, and shipping estimate
  • Exact NVIDIA Jetson model, memory, storage, and cooling configuration
  • Receiver sensitivity, noise figure, dynamic range, and input protection
  • Transmit frequency coverage, output power, filtering, spectral purity, and port routing
  • Maximum simultaneous channel count and sustained bandwidth for display, streaming, and recording
  • Clock accuracy, channel-to-channel phase performance, and calibration procedure
  • Current GNU Radio, SoapySDR, WaveSight, IQTAXI, Python, and C++ support
  • Which schematics, firmware, examples, and APIs are published under open-source licenses
  • Power-supply requirements, accessories, warranty, support, and applicable regulatory information

Transmit and Safety Reminder

A radio that covers a wide frequency range does not authorize transmission throughout that range. In the United States, every over-the-air amateur transmission must remain within the frequencies and privileges available to the control operator. The emission type must be authorized, the occupied bandwidth must be no wider than necessary, spurious emissions must be controlled, and the minimum power needed should be used.[4]

Start transmit development into a suitable dummy load that matches the confirmed port impedance, or use a properly shielded test setup. Verify the signal with test equipment. Then add the correct filtering and confirm connector, impedance, drive-level, power, and RF-exposure requirements before connecting an antenna or amplifier.

New and unlicensed participants can help with receive-only demonstrations, software, documentation, and data analysis. Any on-air transmission should occur under the control of an amateur operator whose license privileges authorize that frequency and emission. As a practical safeguard, AI-assisted station decisions should remain under the supervision of the control operator, who must be able to stop transmission and verify that the station is operating correctly.[4]

Suggested SARC Goals

Possible AntSDR T510 AI learning goals for different club members
Member type Suggested goal Good first step
New ham or visitor Understand a waterfall, sample rate, filter width, and decimation. Join a supervised, receive-only demonstration using one channel.
Active operator Compare antennas or filters on a familiar amateur band. Define one known signal and one repeatable measurement.
Software experimenter Build a GNU Radio, SoapySDR, Python, or C++ receive workflow. Start with a narrow bandwidth and save the configuration.
RF builder Design a protected, filtered front end for one amateur band. Document expected signal levels before connecting the SDR.
AI student Evaluate a classifier with known, labeled club signals. Create a small test set and measure false identifications.
Club volunteer Prepare a safe public demonstration. Build a short receive-only lesson with a diagram and checklist.

Give It a Try

The AntSDR T510 AI is not a simple plug-in receiver. It appears to be a development platform for people who want to study wideband signals, synchronized channels, programmable logic, GPU computing, and AI-assisted analysis. That also makes it a useful discussion topic for a club with members at many experience levels.

Start with one question and one receive channel. Keep the bandwidth small. Measure what the system actually does. Then add channels, timing, or GPU processing only when the project needs them.

How would you use the ANTSDR-T510? Bring a project idea to SARC. It could become a future club demonstration, article, workshop, or team experiment.

How would you use the ANTSDR-T510?

References

  1. AntSDR T510 AI. MicroPhase Technology, hosted by Crowd Supply. Accessed August 19, 2026. https://www.crowdsupply.com/microphase-technology/antsdr-t510-ai ↩a ↩b ↩c ↩d ↩e ↩f ↩g ↩h
  2. AntSDR T510 Pre-launch: A 1 MHz to 6 GHz SDR with 2 GHz Bandwidth and a Built-In NVIDIA Jetson. RTL-SDR.com. Written by admin. Published August 18, 2026. Accessed August 19, 2026. https://www.rtl-sdr.com/antsdr-t510-pre-launch-a-1-mhz-to-6-ghz-sdr-with-2-ghz-bandwidth-and-a-built-in-nvidia-jetson/ ↩a ↩b
  3. T510-AI Image Builder. MicroPhase Technology, GitHub. Accessed August 19, 2026. https://github.com/MicroPhase/T510-AI
  4. 47 CFR Part 97 — Amateur Radio Service. Federal Communications Commission, Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Accessed August 19, 2026. See especially §§ 97.13(c), 97.109, 97.301, 97.305, 97.307, and 97.313. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/chapter-I/subchapter-D/part-97 ↩a ↩b

Learn STM32 Microcontroller Programming

Full Course for EE/CS Students and Beginners

Here is a practical learning idea for SARC members who enjoy electronics, programming, test equipment, or station automation. The linked STM32 course starts with basic embedded-system concepts and builds toward hands-on projects. You do not need to be an electrical engineering (EE) or computer science (CS) student to begin.

STM32 programming gives radio builders a useful bridge between software and real hardware. Start with a small low-voltage circuit, learn what each line of code does, and grow one tested step at a time.

Topic Snapshot

STM32 learning opportunity at a glance
Item Details
Subject STM32 Microcontroller Programming – Full Course for EE/CS Students and Beginners Version 3
Post idea from Paul Meyers – KE9EJX
Audience SARC members, visitors, new hams, the public, operators, and volunteers
Format Self-paced YouTube course with 34 projects
Course length Approximately 11 hours and 3 minutes[1]
Hardware Course-compatible STM32 hardware and project parts; compare each lesson with the current kit listing before buying
Schedule or deadline None provided; learn at your own pace
Call to action Learn STM32

Start With the Full Course

BuildYourCNC presents this long-form course as a project-based introduction for students and beginners. The lessons move from the development environment and basic bit operations to physical inputs, outputs, displays, measurements, timing, communications, circuit-board work, and experiments with AI-generated code.

Build Your CNC’s full STM32 programming course for EE/CS students and beginners, Version 3.

Watch the STM32 full course on YouTube.

What Is an STM32 Microcontroller?

A microcontroller is a small computer built into one integrated circuit. It runs firmware, which is the program stored on the device. It can read switches and sensors, control LEDs and displays, measure signals, keep time, and exchange data with other equipment.

STM32 is not one interchangeable board or chip. It is a large family of 32-bit microcontrollers from STMicroelectronics based on Arm Cortex-M processor cores.[4] Different STM32 parts have different pins, memory, peripherals, and electrical limits. Always match the exact device and board named in a lesson.

Beginner reminder: Matching the word “STM32” is not enough. Confirm the complete chip or board number, pinout, programmer, supply voltage, and software setup.

Why STM32 Skills Matter to Amateur Radio

Amateur radio combines communication, electronics, software, measurement, and experimentation. A microcontroller can become the control center for a future station accessory or test project.

Possible SARC experiments include a station-status display, environmental sensor, battery monitor, practice keyer, antenna-switch controller, rotator interface, telemetry display, or test fixture. These are examples of where the skills may lead. They are not projects promised by the course.

Radio work also adds special design concerns. RF energy, ground loops, electrostatic discharge, voltage differences, and transceiver control lines can damage a board or radio. Do not connect a microcontroller pin directly to an antenna feed line, push-to-talk line, keying line, or transceiver accessory port. First verify the radio manual and design the correct buffering, level conversion, protection, or isolation.

What the Course Covers

The 34-project course follows a broad path from first setup to more involved hardware and software work.[1] It is not specifically a ham-radio course, but many of the underlying skills transfer well to club projects.

A practical learning map for the course
Learning stage Topics in the course Why the skill is useful
Foundations STM32CubeIDE setup, project creation, programming, runtime monitoring, troubleshooting, and bit manipulation Builds the basic workflow for turning source code into running firmware
Digital control LEDs, push buttons, and latching inputs Introduces general-purpose input/output, usually shortened to GPIO
Displays and data LCD interfacing, strings, pointers, integers, and floating-point output Helps a project present measurements and status information
Measurement and timing Analog-to-digital conversion, internal temperature, potentiometer input, timers, counters, pulse-width modulation, and interrupts Supports sensor reading, event timing, and controlled outputs
Communication and construction I2C accelerometer communication, USART serial communication, KiCad printed-circuit-board work, and AI-assisted coding comparisons Connects the controller to other devices and introduces a path toward a finished circuit board

I2C is a short-distance digital bus used to connect integrated circuits. USART is a hardware interface for serial data. PWM, or pulse-width modulation, controls the average power delivered to a load by changing pulse timing. An ADC, or analog-to-digital converter, turns a measured voltage into a number the program can use.

Choose the Hardware Carefully

The supplied BuildYourCNC link opens a collection, not one package containing every part for every course project. The collection includes several STM32F0 kit levels, development hardware, a programmer, a book, and related parts.[2]

For example, the currently listed beginner kit includes an STM32F030 on a breakout board, an ST-Link V2 programmer and connection cable, three solderless breadboards, jumper wires, buttons, LEDs, resistors, and capacitors. Its listing says that sensors, displays, voltage regulators, crystals, and serial adapters are not included.[3]

Therefore, watch the course overview and inspect the parts needed for the projects you want to build before ordering. Kit contents, prices, stock, and software requirements may change. Check the seller’s current page and STMicroelectronics’ official documentation.

How the Development Setup Works

Write, Build, and Debug

STM32 Cube IDE is STMicroelectronics’ C/C++ integrated development environment, or IDE. It provides tools for editing, compiling, and debugging STM32 code on supported Windows, Linux, and macOS systems.[5] The course demonstrates a specific release, so menus may look different in a newer version. Check the official download page for the current release and system requirements.

Configure the Device

STM32CubeMX is ST’s graphical configuration and code-generation tool. It can help select a device or board, assign pins, configure clocks and peripherals, and generate initialization code.[6] It saves setup time, but it does not replace the need to read the board documentation, device datasheet, and reference manual.

Program the Microcontroller

An ST-LINK is an in-circuit programmer and debugger. It can load firmware and communicate with compatible STM32 hardware through interfaces that include Serial Wire Debug, or SWD.[7] Some boards need a separate probe. Many STM32 Nucleo boards include an ST-LINK on the board, but that does not apply to every STM32 product.[8]

How the Learning Process Works

flowchart TD
    A["Choose one course project"] --> B["Confirm the exact chip, board, parts, and software"]
    B --> C["Build the low-voltage circuit with power disconnected"]
    C --> D["Connect the programmer and apply the correct power"]
    D --> E["Build and flash the firmware"]
    E --> F["Observe the result and use the debugger"]
    F --> G{"Does it work as expected?"}
    G -- "Yes" --> H["Change one item and test again"]
    G -- "No" --> I["Check power, ground, cable, device choice, pins, and code"]
    I --> D
    H --> J["Record the result and plan the next project"]

This same cycle appears in ST’s official beginner material: install the tools, run a first program, blink an LED, build and debug, and then move toward serial communication and sensors.[9]

How to Participate

  1. Open the full course and watch the introduction and setup sections first.
  2. Choose one project. Write down its exact microcontroller, board, programmer, parts, and software requirements.
  3. Compare that list with the current kit description. Do not assume one kit contains every course component.
  4. Install software only from the official publisher or another source you trust.
  5. Build with power disconnected. Then inspect every power, ground, and signal connection before applying power.
  6. Compile and flash a known example before changing the code.
  7. Change one thing at a time. Record what worked, what failed, and how you fixed it.
  8. Share useful notes and questions with other SARC builders.
  9. Build a SARC Taking the ESP32 Lightning Detector to the Next LevelKent Ochs, W9KAO

What to Bring

Basic tools for a first STM32 learning session
Item Why it helps
Computer Runs the course video, development software, and documentation
Course-compatible STM32 board or kit Provides the exact target hardware used by the selected lesson
Programmer/debugger Loads firmware and helps diagnose code; it may be separate or built into the board
Correct data-capable USB cable Connects the development hardware to the computer
Breadboard, jumper wires, and lesson parts Supports low-voltage circuit experiments
Board documentation and device datasheet Confirms pin assignments, voltage limits, and electrical requirements
Digital multimeter Checks power, continuity, and signal levels before troubleshooting software
Notebook or project log Records settings, wiring, error messages, and successful changes

Safety note: Work only within the ratings in the official documentation. Never assume an input is 5-volt tolerant. Keep the first projects separate from a radio, amplifier, mains circuit, battery bank, antenna system, or other high-energy equipment.

A Good First Project

Begin with a known, low-risk example. Flash firmware that blinks one LED. Next, read a push button. Then send a short status message over the serial connection supported by your setup.

When that works, change only one timing value, input, or message. Rebuild, flash, test, and write down the result. This small loop teaches more than copying a large project that you cannot yet explain.

The course ends with AI-assisted coding comparisons. Treat generated firmware as an unverified draft. Read every line, keep compiler warnings visible, test on a current-limited low-voltage bench supply when appropriate, and never allow unreviewed code to control a transmitter, relay, motor, charger, or safety-related function.

Suggested SARC Goals

Possible goals for different learners
Participant Suggested goal
Curious visitor Watch the course introduction and learn what a microcontroller does
New programmer Build and flash one known working example
New ham Learn how firmware, pins, voltage limits, and external circuits work together
Experienced operator Prototype one isolated station-status or monitoring function
Hardware builder Practice reading a pinout and checking every power and signal connection
Volunteer Document setup steps and common troubleshooting lessons for other members
Club project team Select one small, repeatable project that members can build and explain

Give It a Try

You do not need to complete all 34 projects at once. Pick one lesson, match the hardware carefully, and aim for one clear result. A blinking LED may seem simple, but it proves that the computer, toolchain, programmer, microcontroller, power, and firmware are all working together.

Learn STM32: start the full course, review the current STM32 kit choices, and visit N9RJV.org for more SARC learning and project ideas.

 Watch the course and complete your first verified STM32 project

References

  1. BuildYourCNC. “Learn STM32 Microcontroller Programming – Full Course for EE/CS Students and Beginners Version 3.” YouTube. Published March 4, 2026. Accessed August 15, 2026. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKyL43qXPpk
  2. BuildYourCNC. “ARM (STM32) Microcontroller Kits.” Accessed August 15, 2026. https://buildyourcnc.com/collections/arm-stm32-microcontroller-kits
  3. BuildYourCNC. “ARM Microcontroller Beginners Kit (STM32F0).” Accessed August 15, 2026. https://buildyourcnc.com/products/newbiehack-microcontroller-arm-stmicro-stm32f0r6-beginners-kit
  4. STMicroelectronics. “STM32 Microcontrollers (MCUs).” Accessed August 15, 2026. https://www.st.com/en/microcontrollers-microprocessors/stm32-32-bit-arm-cortex-mcus.html
  5. STMicroelectronics. “STM32CubeIDE | Software.” Accessed August 15, 2026. https://www.st.com/en/development-tools/stm32cubeide.html
  6. STMicroelectronics. “STM32CubeMX | Software.” Accessed August 15, 2026. https://www.st.com/en/development-tools/stm32cubemx.html
  7. STMicroelectronics. “ST-LINK/V2 In-Circuit Debugger/Programmer for STM8 and STM32.” Accessed August 15, 2026. https://www.st.com/en/development-tools/st-link-v2.html
  8. STMicroelectronics. “STM32 Nucleo Boards.” Accessed August 15, 2026. https://www.st.com/en/evaluation-tools/stm32-nucleo-boards.html
  9. STMicroelectronics STM32 MCU Wiki. “Getting Started with STM32: STM32 Step-by-Step.” Accessed August 15, 2026. https://wiki.st.com/stm32mcu/wiki/Category%3AGetting_started_with_STM32_%3A_STM32_step_by_step

How Will Quantum Computing Change Ham Radio?

Could Quantum Computing Change Radio and Antenna Designs?

Here is a forward-looking technology question for SARC members: could quantum computing eventually change the way engineers design radios, antennas, filters, and digital communication systems?

IBM and several research partners recently reported three quantum-computing results that they say reached beyond leading classical methods while adding new ways to build confidence in the answers. That is an important research claim. However, it is not an announcement of a quantum transceiver, a faster FT8 decoder, or a new antenna for the amateur bands.[1]

For amateur radio, the useful question is not whether every station will contain a quantum processor. The better question is where quantum tools might eventually help engineers solve unusually difficult design, simulation, optimization, materials, and security problems.

Topic Snapshot

Item Details
Subject Quantum Computing and Radio Design
Post idea from Paul Meyers – KE9EJX
Audience SARC members, visitors, new hams, the public, and operators
Starting source IBM Claims Quantum Advantage With New Validation Techniques, IEEE Spectrum
Main question Will quantum computing change radio designs?
Practical status Promising research, but no immediate change is required for a typical amateur station

Start With the Claim, Not the Hype

What is quantum advantage?

A classical computer stores information in bits that have a value of 0 or 1. A quantum computer uses quantum bits, or qubits. Qubits can be prepared in superpositions and linked through entanglement. Quantum algorithms use those properties, plus interference and measurement, to solve certain kinds of problems in a different way.

This does not mean a quantum computer tries every answer at once and then reveals the best one. It also does not mean quantum computers are faster for every job. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) explains that quantum and classical computers are expected to work together, with quantum machines serving specialized tasks rather than replacing ordinary computers.[6]

Quantum advantage generally means that a quantum computer performs a particular calculation beyond the practical reach of the best-known classical methods. The exact boundary can move when classical algorithms improve. Therefore, advantage is better treated as an evidence-based comparison than as a permanent finish line.

Why validation matters

If a classical supercomputer cannot reproduce a quantum result, how can researchers know that the quantum machine calculated the right answer instead of producing noise?

IBM’s three reported results address that trust problem in different ways. The methods include error-detecting circuit structure, comparisons at smaller sizes, deliberate changes in noise, independent error-mitigation methods, and tests on different quantum hardware. IBM describes the collection as evidence for trusted computation beyond exact classical verification.[2]

What IBM and Its Partners Reported

Research team What was calculated How confidence was built Why it matters
IBM and the University of Chicago A depth-70 circuit with 70 logical qubits and 468 logical T gates, encoded across 97 physical qubits with error detection The circuit’s structure and measured error syndromes produced a fidelity lower bound of 0.284 at 95% confidence It combines a classically difficult calculation with a built-in certificate of execution quality.[3]
IBM, Qedma, RIKEN, BlueQubit, and collaborators Driven magnetic-system behavior, called Floquet dynamics, in systems as large as 74 qubits Researchers compared independent error-mitigation methods, checked smaller cases classically, and reproduced selected behavior on Quantinuum hardware It offers evidence that a noisy quantum processor can act as a scientific instrument where leading classical simulations become unreliable.[4]
IBM, Algorithmiq, and collaborators A 56-qubit model that follows how information spreads through a nonuniform quantum system The team compared smaller, classically tractable cases and varied processors, gate calibrations, and injected noise It tests whether the computation process can be validated when no exact classical answer is available.[5]

A physical qubit is a hardware element. A logical qubit is an encoded computational unit built with physical qubits and an error-handling structure. A T gate is a quantum-logic operation that makes this type of circuit harder to simulate classically.

Fidelity measures how closely the produced quantum state matches the intended state. The Chicago experiment detected errors and rejected affected runs through a process called post-selection. It was not a fully fault-tolerant universal quantum computer.

The following graph shows the three system sizes highlighted in IEEE Spectrum’s description of the Qedma comparison. At 35 qubits, the quantum and classical approaches produced the same general oscillating pattern. At 51 qubits, the leading classical methods held only for the first few pulses before breaking down. The 74-qubit case was outside the reach of those classical approaches.

---
config:
  theme: base
  themeVariables:
    xyChart:
      titleColor: "#000000"
      dataLabelColor: "#000000"
      xAxisLabelColor: "#000000"
      xAxisTitleColor: "#000000"
      xAxisTickColor: "#000000"
      xAxisLineColor: "#000000"
      yAxisLabelColor: "#000000"
      yAxisTitleColor: "#000000"
      yAxisTickColor: "#000000"
      yAxisLineColor: "#000000"
  xyChart:
    width: 960
    height: 560
    chartOrientation: vertical
    titleFontSize: 20
    titlePadding: 18
    showDataLabel: true
    showDataLabelOutsideBar: true
    plotReservedSpacePercent: 60
    xAxis:
      labelFontSize: 13
      labelPadding: 10
      labelRotation: -15
      titleFontSize: 16
      titlePadding: 10
    yAxis:
      labelFontSize: 14
      labelPadding: 8
      labelRotation: 0
      titleFontSize: 16
      titlePadding: 8
---
xychart-beta
    title "Qedma Comparison Reported by IEEE Spectrum"
    x-axis "Comparison Stage" ["Methods agree", "Classical limit appears", "Largest quantum case"]
    y-axis "Qubits" 0 --> 80
    bar [35, 51, 74]
Selected system sizes from the reported Qedma comparison. The bars show qubit counts, not speed or commercial usefulness.[1]

There is an important caution. When IEEE Spectrum published its report, all three papers were preprints and had not completed peer review. An independent researcher quoted by IEEE considered the work valuable but questioned whether the Qedma and Algorithmiq studies established a clear quantum advantage.

Their evidence showed that the tested classical methods struggled, but that is not necessarily the same as proving that every possible classical approach must fail.[1]

The University of Chicago method also paid a large price for its error checks. IEEE Spectrum reported that rejecting runs with detected errors required about 860 times more runs than the unchecked version. That overhead is one reason to avoid treating a successful research benchmark as an immediate practical application.[1]

That distinction is healthy science. These results should be examined, reproduced, and challenged as classical and quantum methods improve.

How Could Quantum Computing Change Radio Design?

The honest answer is possibly, in specialized radio-frequency (RF) engineering workflows. The change is more likely to appear first in research laboratories, cloud computing services, and commercial design software than inside a home transceiver.

Radio area Possible quantum contribution Present reality
Electromagnetic simulation Help solve selected large field-analysis problems used in antennas, waveguides, resonators, filters, and photonic structures A peer-reviewed 2026 paper presented a quantum algorithm for Maxwell-equation field analysis and a proof-of-concept metalens simulation. It did not demonstrate a finished amateur-radio design tool or a practical speed advantage.[7]
Antenna and array optimization Search difficult combinations of element locations, dimensions, matching choices, or competing design goals Researchers have proposed quantum methods for antenna-array thinning. This is early design research, not a replacement for Numerical Electromagnetics Code (NEC) modeling, a vector network analyzer, or on-air testing.[8]
Materials and components Model quantum materials that could lead to improved semiconductors, magnetic devices, sensors, resonators, or low-loss components The new IBM studies concern abstract quantum-material models. Any path from those calculations to better radio parts would require materials research, fabrication, testing, and product development.
Software-defined radio Assist with narrowly defined optimization, channel estimation, detection, or coding problems CPUs, GPUs, digital signal processors, and field-programmable gate arrays remain the practical tools for amateur SDR and digital modes. A proposed quantum algorithm must still beat the best classical method after data-loading and measurement costs are counted.
Security and firmware Encourage quantum-resistant software for connected radios, update servers, remote-station control, and signed firmware NIST has already published three post-quantum cryptography standards. These are classical algorithms designed to resist future quantum attacks; they do not require a quantum radio.[9]

Electromagnetic modeling may be the clearest design connection

Radio engineers already use computers to solve Maxwell’s equations for complex structures. A model may contain many conductors, materials, frequencies, angles, and constraints. Each added detail can increase the computational cost.

A future quantum-assisted solver might accelerate a carefully chosen part of that workload. However, the engineer would still need to define the geometry, choose assumptions, interpret the output, and compare the model with measurements.

Optimization could help with large design spaces

A simple dipole does not need a quantum computer. Its dimensions can be estimated, modeled, built, trimmed, and measured with familiar tools.

A much larger problem is different. Imagine selecting hundreds of array-element positions while balancing gain, sidelobes, bandwidth, cost, weight, and failure tolerance. That is the kind of combinatorial search where researchers are testing quantum and hybrid algorithms.

New materials could affect radios indirectly

Quantum computers are naturally suited to some simulations of quantum systems. If they help researchers understand useful materials, the eventual radio benefit could arrive as a better component rather than as a visible quantum computer.

That path is long. A promising calculation is only the beginning. The material must still be created, characterized, manufactured, and proven reliable.

Security changes are already more practical

Post-quantum cryptography may matter to the Internet-connected side of amateur radio. Examples include protecting account logins, authenticating software updates, signing firmware, and securing remote-control links that use ordinary Internet services.

That does not create permission to hide the meaning of amateur-radio traffic. Current Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules generally prohibit amateur stations from transmitting messages encoded for the purpose of obscuring their meaning, except where Part 97 provides otherwise.

Operators should check the current rules before putting any encrypted or experimental encoded system on the air.[10]

What Probably Will Not Change

  • Maxwell’s equations will still govern electromagnetic waves.
  • Antenna length, impedance, feed-line loss, common-mode current, noise, and propagation will still matter.
  • A simulation will still need real measurements and engineering judgment.
  • Most station-control, logging, digital-mode, and SDR work will continue to run well on classical computers.
  • Amateur operators will still need to follow FCC rules, band plans, and good operating practice.
  • Hands-on building and troubleshooting will remain valuable club skills.

Quantum computing may add a specialized tool to the engineering bench. It will not repeal radio physics or replace the operator.

A Realistic Hybrid Workflow

The most plausible future is a hybrid process. A classical computer handles the user interface, data preparation, ordinary calculations, and final analysis. A quantum processor receives only a carefully selected subproblem.

---
config:
  markdownAutoWrap: true
  flowchart:
    wrappingWidth: 220
    useMaxWidth: true
    nodeSpacing: 40
    rankSpacing: 50
---
flowchart TD
    A["`Choose a difficult
RF design question`"]

    B["`Build and simplify
a classical model`"]

    C["`Send a suitable subproblem
to a quantum processor`"]

    D["`Return the measurements
to classical software`"]

    E["`Compare the results
with classical methods`"]

    F["`Build and measure
the real hardware`"]

    G{"`Do the measurements
support the design?`"}

    H["`Keep and document
the result`"]

    A --> B
    B --> C
    C --> D
    D --> E
    E --> F
    F --> G

    G -->|"Yes"| H
    G -->|"No"| A
A possible quantum-assisted radio-design workflow. The real antenna, circuit, or radio remains the final test.

How to Participate

  1. Read the IEEE Spectrum report. Notice both IBM’s claims and the independent cautions.
  2. Learn five terms. Start with bit, qubit, superposition, entanglement, and quantum advantage.
  3. Try a small circuit online. IBM Quantum Learning provides introductory courses and a visual circuit composer. Platform access and features can change, so check the official site for current details.[11]
  4. Connect the topic to radio. Choose one familiar problem, such as antenna-array element selection or filter optimization, and identify what the inputs, constraints, and measurable output would be.
  5. Keep three evidence labels. Mark each claim as demonstrated, proposed, or speculative.
  6. Share what you learn. Bring a short explanation, paper, notebook, or conventional comparison to a SARC discussion.

Questions Worth Asking

  • Was the result produced on quantum hardware, a simulator, or both?
  • What is the best-known classical comparison?
  • How was the result checked when an exact answer was unavailable?
  • Were data-loading, error-correction, repeated-run, and readout costs included?
  • Does the work solve a practical RF problem or only a useful benchmark?
  • Has the paper completed independent peer review?
  • Can another research group reproduce the result?

Suggested SARC Goals

Member type Suggested goal Useful result
New ham or visitor Learn the difference between a classical bit and a qubit Explain quantum advantage in two plain-language sentences
Active operator List station tasks that need fast computing today Separate practical DSP needs from possible future quantum use
Antenna builder Model a familiar antenna with conventional software Identify which parts are physics, optimization, and measurement
SDR or software member Run a beginner quantum circuit and inspect repeated measurements Understand why quantum output is statistical and needs validation
Technical presenter Compare one quantum research claim with its classical baseline Give SARC a balanced five-minute update
Club project team Track one RF-related quantum paper for a year Record whether it is peer reviewed, reproduced, improved, or challenged

Give It a Try

Quantum computing gives SARC members another reason to explore the physics and engineering behind radio. Start small. Read the source, learn the vocabulary, try one simple circuit, and keep the claims tied to evidence.

Will quantum computing change radio designs? It may eventually improve selected simulations, optimization methods, materials research, and security tools. For now, its most useful role in amateur radio is as a learning topic and a reminder that every impressive calculation still needs verification.

Bring your questions and discoveries to SARC. New hams, experienced builders, programmers, and curious visitors can all take part.

Will quantum computing change radio designs?

Read the IEEE Spectrum report, try one beginner quantum-computing lesson, and bring one practical RF question to SARC.

References

  1. Edd Gent, “IBM Claims Quantum Advantage With New Validation Techniques,” IEEE Spectrum, IEEE, July 31, 2026. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://spectrum.ieee.org/ibm-verifiable-quantum-advantage
  2. Abhinav Kandala, Ali Javadi-Abhari, and Jay Gambetta, “Researchers Demonstrate Quantum Advantage Through Trusted Quantum Computation,” IBM Quantum Blog, IBM, July 30, 2026. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.ibm.com/quantum/blog/quantum-advantage
  3. Simon Martiel et al., “Sampling Hard Circuits With Verifiably High Fidelity,” arXiv:2607.25941, submitted July 28, 2026. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.25941
  4. Eyal Leviatan et al., “Resolving Structure in Prethermal Floquet Dynamics With Precision Quantum Computation,” arXiv:2607.24937, submitted July 27, 2026. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.24937
  5. Samantha V. Barron et al., “Observable Estimation in the Absence of Classical Verification,” arXiv:2607.25998, submitted July 28, 2026. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.25998
  6. Gabriel Popkin, “Quantum Computing Explained,” National Institute of Standards and Technology, created March 18, 2025, updated May 28, 2026. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://www.nist.gov/quantum-information-science/quantum-computing-explained
  7. Hiroyuki Tezuka and Yuki Sato, “Quantum Algorithm for Electromagnetic Field Analysis,” International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Wiley, 2026, DOI: 10.1002/nme.70344. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.70344
  8. Paolo Rocca, Nicola Anselmi, Giacomo Oliveri, Alessandro Polo, and Andrea Massa, “Antenna Array Thinning Through Quantum Fourier Transform,” IEEE Access, volume 9, 2021, pages 124313–124323, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3109938. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3109938
  9. National Institute of Standards and Technology, “Announcing Approval of Three Federal Information Processing Standards for Post-Quantum Cryptography,” NIST Computer Security Resource Center, August 13, 2024. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://csrc.nist.gov/news/2024/postquantum-cryptography-fips-approved
  10. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, “47 CFR § 97.113—Prohibited Transmissions,” Office of the Federal Register and U.S. Government Publishing Office, current page viewed August 13, 2026. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/chapter-I/subchapter-D/part-97/subpart-B/section-97.113
  11. IBM, “Learn Quantum Computing,” IBM Quantum Learning. Accessed August 13, 2026. https://quantum.cloud.ibm.com/learning/en

The Physics Behind Amateur Radio

Understanding Electromagnetic Waves

Here is a useful physics idea for Schaumburg Amateur Radio Club (SARC) members: every on-air contact begins with an electromagnetic wave. Voice, continuous wave (CW) Morse code, and digital signals all depend on radio-frequency (RF) energy traveling from a transmitting antenna to a receiving antenna. Understanding that path makes frequency, wavelength, polarization, antennas, and propagation easier to connect.[1][5]

Topic Snapshot

Overview of this Learn Physics topic
Item Details
Subject Learn Physics: Understanding Electromagnetic Waves
Post idea from Paul Meyers – KE9EJX
Audience Members, visitors, new hams, the public, and operators
Why it matters Electromagnetic-wave physics connects transmitters, antennas, propagation, receivers, and operating practice.
Starting resource Physics with Elliot
Advanced resource Richard Behiel on YouTube
Call to action Learn Physics

What Is an Electromagnetic Wave?

An electromagnetic wave is a traveling pattern of changing electric and magnetic fields. These coupled fields can carry energy through air, other materials, and even the vacuum of space. Unlike a sound wave, an electromagnetic wave does not require air or another material medium.[2][3]

James Clerk Maxwell brought the laws of electricity and magnetism together in four relationships now called Maxwell’s equations. The equations predicted electromagnetic waves traveling at the speed of light in free space. Heinrich Hertz later generated and detected radio waves in laboratory experiments, confirming their wave behavior.[2]

Radio waves are one part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays are also electromagnetic waves. They share the same basic physics but have different frequencies, wavelengths, and photon energies.[1]

Electric Field, Magnetic Field, and Direction

For an ideal plane wave, the electric field and magnetic field are at right angles to each other. Both are also at right angles to the direction in which the wave travels. That makes an electromagnetic wave a transverse wave. The fields rise and fall together as the wave moves forward.[3]

The three directions in an ideal electromagnetic plane wave
Part Direction Why radio operators care
Electric field Across one transverse direction Its orientation defines the wave’s polarization.
Magnetic field Perpendicular to the electric field It is the second coupled field in the wave.
Wave travel Perpendicular to both fields It shows the direction in which energy is moving.

This clean picture describes an ideal wave and is a useful far-field model. Close to an antenna, the fields are more complicated. Also, a sine-wave drawing shows how field strength and direction vary. It does not mean the radio signal follows a snake-shaped path through the air.

How an Antenna Starts the Wave

Electric charges radiate electromagnetic energy when they accelerate. In a transmitting antenna, radio-frequency alternating current repeatedly accelerates charges in the conductor. The antenna then launches energy into the surrounding space. At the other end of the path, an incoming field produces a small alternating electrical signal in the receiving antenna. The receiver selects the desired signal and recovers its information.[4][5]

Here is the simplified signal path:

---
config:
  markdownAutoWrap: true
  flowchart:
    wrappingWidth: 220
    useMaxWidth: true
    nodeSpacing: 40
    rankSpacing: 50
---
flowchart TD
    A["`The transmitter creates
a radio-frequency signal`"]

    B["`Alternating current accelerates
charges in the antenna`"]

    C["`Changing electric and magnetic
fields travel outward`"]

    D["`The electromagnetic wave
travels through space`"]

    E["`The field produces a small signal
in the receiving antenna`"]

    F["`The receiver selects and
demodulates the signal`"]

    G["`The operator hears audio
or receives data`"]

    A --> B
    B --> C
    C --> D
    D --> E
    E --> F
    F --> G

This flow is intentionally simple. A real station also includes feed lines, matching, losses, noise, modulation, and the effects of the path between stations.

Frequency, Wavelength, Speed, and Polarization

These terms describe different properties of the same wave. Learning them together is more useful than memorizing them separately.

Basic electromagnetic-wave terms
Term Plain-language meaning Amateur-radio connection
Frequency The number of cycles that pass a point each second, measured in hertz (Hz) A radio is tuned to frequency. One megahertz (MHz) is one million cycles per second.
Wavelength The distance over which one complete wave pattern repeats Many amateur bands are named for an approximate wavelength, such as 40 meters or 2 meters.
Amplitude The size or strength of an oscillating field Amplitude is one characteristic that can be varied to carry information.
Phase A wave’s position within its cycle compared with a reference Phase relationships affect interference, antenna arrays, and many digital modes.
Polarization The orientation of the electric field Common examples include horizontal, vertical, and circular polarization.

NASA uses these same ideas to describe electromagnetic energy. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) also describes modulation as varying a carrier waveform’s amplitude, frequency, or phase to transmit information.[1][8]

The Wavelength Formula

In a vacuum, electromagnetic waves travel at exactly 299,792,458 meters per second. This is the speed of light, represented by c.[6]

Wavelength equals wave speed divided by frequency:

λ = c ÷ f

Here, λ is wavelength and f is frequency. For quick amateur-radio estimates in free space, use:

Wavelength in meters ≈ 300 ÷ frequency in MHz

Therefore, when frequency goes up, wavelength gets shorter. When frequency goes down, wavelength gets longer. The free-space formula is a starting point for antenna calculations. Practical antenna dimensions must also account for the actual design and installation.[3][17]

Frequency and Wavelength at a Glance

Representative amateur frequencies and approximate free-space wavelengths
Approximate band name Representative frequency Approximate free-space wavelength
80 meters 3.75 MHz 80.0 meters
40 meters 7.10 MHz 42.3 meters
20 meters 14.20 MHz 21.1 meters
15 meters 21.20 MHz 14.2 meters
10 meters 28.40 MHz 10.6 meters
2 meters 146 MHz 2.05 meters
70 centimeters 440 MHz 0.682 meter
---
config:
  theme: base
  themeVariables:
    xyChart:
      titleColor: "#000000"
      dataLabelColor: "#000000"
      xAxisLabelColor: "#000000"
      xAxisTitleColor: "#000000"
      xAxisTickColor: "#000000"
      xAxisLineColor: "#000000"
      yAxisLabelColor: "#000000"
      yAxisTitleColor: "#000000"
      yAxisTickColor: "#000000"
      yAxisLineColor: "#000000"
  xyChart:
    width: 900
    height: 540
    useMaxWidth: true
    chartOrientation: vertical
    titleFontSize: 18
    titlePadding: 18
    showDataLabel: true
    showDataLabelOutsideBar: true
    plotReservedSpacePercent: 62
    xAxis:
      labelFontSize: 13
      labelPadding: 8
      labelRotation: 0
      titleFontSize: 16
      titlePadding: 8
    yAxis:
      labelFontSize: 13
      labelPadding: 8
      titleFontSize: 15
      titlePadding: 8
---
xychart-beta
    title "Higher Frequency Means Shorter Wavelength in Free Space"
    x-axis "Frequency" ["3.75 MHz", "7.10 MHz", "14.20 MHz", "21.20 MHz", "28.40 MHz"]
    y-axis "Approximate Wavelength in Meters" 0 --> 90
    bar [80.0, 42.3, 21.1, 14.2, 10.6]

The table and graph use the free-space shortcut. Band names are approximate, and wavelength changes across a band. These numbers are not finished antenna lengths. A physical antenna is designed for a chosen fraction or multiple of wavelength and must be adjusted for its actual construction and installation.[6][10][17]

How Electromagnetic Waves Behave

A radio wave does not always travel by one clear, direct path. Depending on frequency and surroundings, electromagnetic waves may be reflected, refracted, diffracted, scattered, transmitted, or absorbed. Buildings, terrain, the ground, the atmosphere, and the ionosphere can all affect the signal that reaches a receiver.[7]

For example, high frequency (HF) signals can sometimes be bent through the ionosphere and returned toward Earth. This supports contacts beyond the horizon. Very high frequency (VHF) and ultra high frequency (UHF) operation is often closer to line of sight, although special propagation modes can extend the range. Conditions change, so operators learn to observe the band rather than expect the same result every day.[9][10][19]

Why This Matters in Amateur Radio

A working understanding of electromagnetic waves helps an operator connect several practical ideas:

  • Antenna dimensions: Wavelength provides a starting point for quarter-wave, half-wave, and other antenna designs.[17]
  • Polarization: The orientation of the electric field helps explain why antenna alignment can affect received signal strength.
  • Propagation: Frequency and wavelength influence how signals interact with terrain, buildings, the atmosphere, and the ionosphere.
  • Modulation: Information can be carried by controlled changes to a radio wave’s amplitude, frequency, or phase.
  • License study: The current Technician syllabus includes electromagnetic-wave properties, frequency and wavelength, polarization, and propagation. Candidates should check the official question pool for updates.[10][20]

Physics will not choose every station setting for you. However, it gives you a reliable framework for asking better questions and understanding what you observe on the air.

How to Participate: Learn and Apply the Physics

Start with Physics with Elliot

Physics with Elliot offers a visual route into physics. A useful lesson for this topic is There’s so much more to electric fields than you were taught. It moves from the electric field of a stationary charge toward moving charges, accelerated charges, and electromagnetic radiation.[11]

For a shorter visual, try Discovering the simplest electromagnetic wave! The site also has an Electric Field Lines interactive animation. The animation focuses on static electric fields rather than radio propagation, but it can help build intuition about what a field represents.[12][13]

Physics with Elliot is a general physics resource. Use amateur-radio references for antenna construction, station safety, operating rules, and band privileges. Video catalogs and course offerings may change, so check the official site for current material.

Try a Simple Station Exercise

What to bring: A calculator, one frequency of interest, basic information about the antenna, and a current band chart. A radio is optional because the calculation can be done from any example frequency.

  1. Choose a frequency you use or monitor.
  2. Divide 300 by the frequency in MHz to estimate the free-space wavelength in meters.
  3. Compare your answer with the band’s familiar name.
  4. For a simple linearly polarized antenna, estimate polarization from the orientation of its radiating element.
  5. Trace the path from transmitter to feed line, antenna, space, receiving antenna, and receiver.
  6. List anything along the path that might reflect, absorb, bend, or scatter the signal.

For example, 300 divided by 146 MHz is about 2.05 meters. That helps explain the name “2-meter band.” A free-space half wavelength would be about 1.03 meters, but a practical half-wave antenna may have a different finished length.[17]

Take an Optional Deeper Dive with Richard Behiel

Readers who enjoy mathematical physics can visit the Richard Behiel YouTube channel. His long-form video Electromagnetism as a Gauge Theory develops electromagnetism through symmetry, fields, and Maxwell’s equations.[14][15]

This is an advanced lesson, not a beginner amateur-radio tutorial. Start with frequency, wavelength, fields, and polarization. Then use Richard Behiel’s presentation when you are ready for the deeper mathematics.

Check Current Operating Information

Physics relationships are stable, but frequency allocations, license privileges, and operating rules can change. Before transmitting, check current Federal Communications Commission information and an up-to-date amateur band chart.[16][18]

Suggested SARC Goals

Ways to turn the physics into a practical club goal
Member type Suggested goal
Visitor or member of the public Explain in plain language that radio waves are one part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
New ham Choose one operating frequency and calculate its approximate free-space wavelength.
Active operator Trace the path from transmitter to antenna to receiver, then identify the polarization used by the station.
Antenna builder Compare free-space wavelength with the dimensions of one antenna design and note why practical dimensions differ.
Mentor or volunteer Use the signal-path diagram to explain electromagnetic waves to someone new to amateur radio.

Give It a Try

You do not need to solve all of Maxwell’s equations before the physics becomes useful. Start with one frequency, calculate its wavelength, look at the antenna, and trace the signal path. Then share what you found with another SARC member or visitor.

Learn Physics with Physics with Elliot

References

  1. Anatomy of an Electromagnetic Wave. NASA Science, Science Mission Directorate, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Updated August 3, 2023. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://science.nasa.gov/ems/02_anatomy/
  2. Samuel J. Ling, William Moebs, and Jeff Sanny. 16.1 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves. University Physics Volume 2, OpenStax, Rice University. Published October 6, 2016. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/16-1-maxwells-equations-and-electromagnetic-waves
  3. Samuel J. Ling, William Moebs, and Jeff Sanny. 16.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves. University Physics Volume 2, OpenStax, Rice University. Published October 6, 2016. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/16-2-plane-electromagnetic-waves
  4. Paul Peter Urone and Roger Hinrichs. 24.2 Production of Electromagnetic Waves. College Physics 2e, OpenStax, Rice University. Published July 13, 2022. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/24-2-production-of-electromagnetic-waves
  5. Jermaine Walker. Radio vs Optical Spectrum. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Published September 27, 2023; updated February 14, 2024. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/somd/space-communications-navigation-program/radio-vs-optical-spectrum/
  6. CODATA Value: Speed of Light in Vacuum. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/Value/c.html
  7. Wave Behaviors. NASA Science, Science Mission Directorate, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Updated August 3, 2023. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://science.nasa.gov/ems/03_behaviors/
  8. Report and Order, FCC 23-93. Federal Communications Commission. Adopted November 13, 2023. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-23-93A1.pdf
  9. Propagation of RF Signals. American Radio Relay League. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
  10. Chapter 10: Technician Class Syllabus. American Radio Relay League. Effective July 1, 2026, through June 30, 2030. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.arrl.org/files/file/Education/TechnicianClass/HRLM%206th-Ch%2010%20QPOOL.pdf
  11. Elliot Schneider. There’s so much more to electric fields than you were taught. Physics with Elliot. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.physicswithelliot.com/videos/v/cy9tefze46pktezdxe2tz2rfe6sbd7
  12. Elliot Schneider. Electric Field Lines. Physics with Elliot. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.physicswithelliot.com/electric-field-lines
  13. Elliot Schneider. Discovering the Simplest Electromagnetic Wave! Physics with Elliot, YouTube. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.youtube.com/shorts/PH_PJiPyObc
  14. Richard Behiel. Richard Behiel, YouTube channel. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.youtube.com/@RichBehiel
  15. Richard Behiel. Electromagnetism as a Gauge Theory. YouTube. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sj_GSBaUE1o
  16. Radio Spectrum Allocation. Federal Communications Commission. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.fcc.gov/engineering-technology/policy-and-rules-division/general/radio-spectrum-allocation
  17. Single Band Dipoles. American Radio Relay League. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.arrl.org/single-band-dipoles
  18. 47 CFR Part 97 — Amateur Radio Service. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, National Archives and Records Administration. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/chapter-I/subchapter-D/part-97
  19. Solar Flares (Radio Blackouts). Space Weather Prediction Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and National Weather Service. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.spaceweather.gov/phenomena/solar-flares-radio-blackouts
  20. Question Pools. American Radio Relay League. Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.arrl.org/question-pools

Proba-3 Reveals the Sun’s Inner Corona

European Space Agency Proba-3

Here is a fascinating Sun-watching idea for SARC members. The European Space Agency’s Proba-3 mission uses two spacecraft to create artificial solar eclipses in orbit. These long eclipses let scientists study a difficult-to-see part of the Sun’s atmosphere where the solar wind develops and space weather begins.

That matters to amateur radio operators. Activity from the Sun can change Earth’s ionosphere, affect high-frequency propagation, interrupt communications, and sometimes create unusual operating conditions.

Topic Snapshot

Item Details
Subject Proba-3 Reveals the Sun’s Inner Corona
Mission European Space Agency Proba-3
Location The Sun
Post idea from Paul Meyers | KE9EJX
Audience SARC members, visitors, new hams, operators, and volunteers
Why it matters Better observations of the solar wind and the origins of space weather
Call to action Learn more about the Sun’s effects on Earth and amateur radio

What Proba-3 Accomplished

Proba-3 consists of two spacecraft called the Occulter and the Coronagraph. During an observing period, they fly approximately 150 meters apart and align with the Sun with millimeter-level precision.

The Occulter carries a disk that blocks the bright solar disk. Its shadow falls across the telescope on the Coronagraph spacecraft. This arrangement makes the two spacecraft operate like one enormous scientific instrument.[3]

The artificial eclipse is created for the instrument in space. It is not an eclipse that people can see from Earth.

By April 2026, ESA reported that Proba-3 had completed 57 artificial solar eclipses and collected more than 250 hours of high-resolution observations. Each observing period can last for approximately five hours.[1]

Why the Inner Corona Is Difficult to See

The corona is the Sun’s outer atmosphere. It is extremely hot, but it is also faint compared with the bright solar disk.

A coronagraph is an instrument that blocks direct sunlight so the surrounding corona can be observed. In a conventional coronagraph, scattered and diffracted light can still hide the portion of the corona closest to the Sun.

A natural total solar eclipse provides a better view because the Moon blocks the solar disk from a great distance. However, totality lasts only a few minutes and can be observed from a limited path on Earth.

Proba-3 moves the blocking disk onto a separate spacecraft. The 150-meter separation reduces unwanted light and allows its ASPIICS coronagraph to see the corona as close as approximately 70,000 kilometers above the Sun’s visible surface.

Earlier space instruments could reliably observe the solar disk and the outer corona, but consistent coverage of the region between them was difficult. Proba-3 is helping fill that observational gap.[4]

How the Artificial Eclipse Works

---
config:
  markdownAutoWrap: true
  flowchart:
    wrappingWidth: 220
    useMaxWidth: true
    nodeSpacing: 40
    rankSpacing: 50
---
flowchart TD
    A["`The Sun produces
intense light`"]

    B["`The Occulter spacecraft
blocks the solar disk`"]

    C["`A controlled shadow crosses
the 150-meter separation`"]

    D["`The Coronagraph spacecraft
images the inner corona`"]

    E["`Researchers track plasma
and solar-wind structures`"]

    F["`Results improve models of
the Sun and space weather`"]

    A --> B
    B --> C
    C --> D
    D --> E
    E --> F

The two spacecraft use cameras, laser measurements, radio links, onboard software, and a shadow-position sensor to maintain their alignment. Small thruster corrections keep the coronagraph’s telescope inside the Occulter’s shadow.

What Proba-3 Found

The headline needs one useful clarification. Proba-3 is not exposing a previously unknown solid surface. It is observing the inner corona, which is part of the Sun’s atmosphere above the visible surface.

The important advance is the mission’s ability to repeatedly observe fine motion in this region for hours instead of minutes.

Reported result Why it is useful
57 artificial eclipses reported by April 2026 Scientists can repeat observations instead of waiting for rare natural eclipses.
More than 250 hours of high-resolution observations Long sequences reveal movement that may be missed in individual images.
One or two images per minute during observations The images can be combined into videos that show movement through the corona.
Observations down to about 70,000 kilometers above the visible surface This reaches a previously difficult observational gap in the inner corona.
Some tracked plasma structures moved at approximately 250–500 kilometers per second These structures were moving roughly three to four times faster than expected in that region.

The first published study tracked small structures moving through streamers and pseudostreamers. Streamers are bright extensions of plasma shaped by the Sun’s magnetic field.

Researchers observed a wide range of speeds, accelerations, and directions. Some structures moved outward while others appeared to move inward. The results show that the region where the slow solar wind forms is more complicated and dynamic than a single smooth stream.[2]

These are early results. They do not settle every question about solar-wind acceleration, coronal heating, or coronal mass ejections. ESA also noted that much of the collected Proba-3 data still needed to be analyzed when the first results were announced.

Why This Matters to Amateur Radio

The solar wind is a continuing flow of charged particles, or plasma, moving outward from the Sun. A coronal mass ejection, usually shortened to CME, is a much larger release of plasma and magnetic field from the corona.

Not every solar event is directed toward Earth. When solar material and its magnetic field do interact with Earth, they can disturb the magnetosphere and ionosphere.

The ionosphere is a group of electrically charged regions high in Earth’s atmosphere. Amateur radio operators use these regions to support long-distance high-frequency communication.

HF means high frequency, generally 3–30 MHz. Changes in ionospheric density and structure can improve a path, weaken it, move the usable frequency range, or block an HF signal. Solar X-rays can quickly increase absorption in the ionosphere’s D region and cause a radio blackout on the sunlit side of Earth.[5]

CMEs and changes in the solar wind can arrive later and produce geomagnetic disturbances. Space-weather forecasters study a CME’s speed, size, direction, and magnetic field to estimate whether it may affect Earth.[6]

Proba-3 is a research mission, not a direct amateur-radio propagation forecast. Its value comes from improving our understanding of how solar-wind structures and eruptions develop close to the Sun.

A Simple Sun-to-Radio Connection

</ tr>

Solar or space-weather condition Possible radio observation Operator response
Increased extreme-ultraviolet activity Changes in ionization and usable HF frequencies Compare several bands and note the time of day.
Strong solar flare Rapid HF absorption or a dayside radio blackout Check NOAA flare and D-region products before changing equipment.
Earth-directed CME Possible geomagnetic disturbance after the material arrives Watch official forecasts and record changing band conditions.
Disturbed geomagnetic field Unstable polar paths, fading, noise, or unusual propagation Try another band, direction, time, or operating mode.

Watch the Proba-3 Video

Astrum explains how Proba-3 creates artificial eclipses and studies the Sun’s inner corona.[8]

How to Participate

  1. Watch the video. Note how the two spacecraft replace the Moon and an Earth-based telescope in the eclipse geometry.
  2. Check official space-weather information. Visit the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center before an HF operating session.
  3. Record your conditions. Write down the date, local and UTC time, band, mode, signal reports, noise level, and any unusual fading.
  4. Check the F10.7 solar flux. This 2,800 MHz measurement is a useful indicator of solar activity and is widely used in space-weather work.[7]
  5. Compare more than one session. A single good or poor contact does not prove that space weather caused the result.
  6. Share what you learned. Turn your notes into a short SARC presentation, website article, or club discussion.

Suggested SARC Goals

Member type Suggested goal Practical activity
New ham Understand the Sun–ionosphere–radio connection Explain the connection in three simple steps to another member.
HF operator Connect forecasts with real operating conditions Keep a short propagation log for three operating sessions.
Digital-mode operator Compare band conditions objectively Record band, time, decode activity, and official space-weather conditions.
VHF or UHF operator Learn how disturbed conditions can differ from everyday propagation Compare beacon, digital-mode, or weak-signal observations with official reports.
Builder or experimenter Study precision sensing and control Prepare a short explanation of how cameras, lasers, radio links, and thrusters maintain formation.
Presenter or writer Help other members understand space weather Create a five-minute presentation or a short article for the SARC website.

Give It a Try

Watch the Proba-3 video, then check the current space-weather information before your next operating session. See whether the conditions you hear on the air match what the official data suggests.

You do not need to be a solar physicist to take part. A simple log and a few careful observations can help connect solar research with everyday amateur radio.

Visit N9RJV.org for more SARC activities, technical articles, and opportunities to learn with other amateur radio operators.

Suggested WordPress Details

Title Proba-3 Reveals the Sun’s Inner Corona
Category Space Weather
Tags Proba-3, Sun, solar corona, solar wind, space weather, HF propagation, ESA, amateur radio
Excerpt Two spacecraft are creating artificial eclipses so scientists can track motion in the Sun’s inner corona and improve our understanding of space weather.
Suggested Image Image: A 16:9 ESA Proba-3 ASPIICS image showing the inner solar corona during an artificial eclipse.
Alt text: Proba-3 artificial eclipse revealing streamers in the Sun’s inner corona.
Caption: Proba-3 uses two precisely aligned spacecraft to block the bright solar disk and observe the faint inner corona. Credit the image according to the requirements listed by its original source.
Call to Action Watch the Proba-3 video, check official space-weather information, and compare it with conditions during your next amateur-radio operating session.

References

  1. European Space Agency. “First Proba-3 Science: Surprisingly Speedy Solar Wind.” Published April 13, 2026. Accessed August 8, 2026.
    https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/First_Proba-3_science_surprisingly_speedy_solar_wind
  2. Zhukov, A. N., et al. “Ubiquitous Small-scale Dynamics in the Slow Solar Wind Formation Region Observed by Proba-3/ASPIICS.” The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Volume 999, Number 2, L41. American Astronomical Society, March 2026. Accessed August 8, 2026.
    https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae469b
  3. European Space Agency. “Proba-3 Achieves Precise Formation Flying.” Published May 8, 2025. Accessed August 8, 2026.
    https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology/Proba-3_achieves_precise_formation_flying
  4. European Space Agency. “Proba-3 Fills the Solar Observation Gap.” Published December 17, 2025. Accessed August 8, 2026.
    https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology/Proba-3_fills_the_solar_observation_gap
  5. NOAA/National Weather Service Space Weather Prediction Center. “HF Radio Communications.” Accessed August 8, 2026.
    https://www.spaceweather.gov/impacts/hf-radio-communications
  6. NOAA/National Weather Service Space Weather Prediction Center. “Coronal Mass Ejections.” Accessed August 8, 2026.
    https://www.spaceweather.gov/phenomena/coronal-mass-ejections
  7. NOAA/National Weather Service Space Weather Prediction Center. “F10.7 cm Radio Emissions.” Accessed August 8, 2026.
    https://www.spaceweather.gov/phenomena/f107-cm-radio-emissions
  8. Astrum. “We’ve Seen the Sun’s Inner Corona for the First Time.” YouTube. Accessed August 8, 2026.
    https://youtu.be/fv5lJjR6DmQ